Singular plural. Add -kal -gal. Sometimes change: maram -> marangal. But spoken plural often just -ga -nga: maram ga? Actually maranga spoken shortened.

Case endings. Tamil attaches suffix: veedu + ku = veettukku to house (double t). Book + ai = puthagathai object.

Case sentences:

• Naan puthagam padikkaren – I reading book? Actually puthagathai padikkaren object -ai.
• Naan veetukku poren – I going to house.
• Veetla irukken – I at house / in house veettil / veetla spoken.
• Nanbanoda pesinen – I spoke with friend.
• Marathilirundhu vizhundhen – Fell from tree.

Pronunciation Tips:

• Puthagangal – put-tha-gang-gal? Actually puth-tha-gang-gal.
• Veedugal – vee-du-gal.
• Veettukku – veet-tu-kku double t and kk.
• Nanbanodu – nan-ba-no-du with friend.
• Marathilirundhu – long word break maa-ra-thi-li-run-dhu.

Common Mistakes:

• Forgetting double letters when adding case: veedu ku not veedu ku but veettukku double – wrong will sound odd but understood.
• Using -ai object marker optional in spoken: puthagam padikkaren also okay without -ai but written needs.
• Mixing -il vs -la: veetla spoken for veettil in formal both okay for in house.
• Plural -gal vs -nga: use gal written but spoken ga common – maranga trees spoken okay.

Cultural Note: Tamil noun classes: rational (uyar thinai) humans and gods use plural ar – avan avar he respectful, aval avar? Actually avar respectful. Irrational objects use -gal. This respectful plural shows Tamil politeness in grammar itself – elder male avaru? Avanga? Use avanga.

Practice:

1. Singular to plural: maram -> marangal, veedu -> veedugal.
2. To: veetukku poren going to house.
3. In: veetla irukken at home.
4. With: amma voda pon? Actually amma odu? Ammaoda pona went with mother.
5. Object: idha paaru see this – idhu + ai = idha.